singular verb and noun and phrase and clause

singular verb and noun:

a. Read the following sentence:

1. The book is open.                The books are open.

2. The kite is beautiful.            The kites are beautiful.

3. The bird is in the sky.          The birds are in the sky.

In the first sentence the singular verb is used for the singular noun. In the second sentence the plural verb is used for the plural noun.


Fill in the blanks with the correct noun or verb forms.

1. The bird __________in the sky.

2. The ________ are in the sky.

3. The doors __________ open.

4. The buses _________ full.

5. The train __________ long.



phrase and clause:

Read the following sentence.

1. In spite of illness, kala went to school

A B

There is a group of words both in A and B. What is the difference between them?

There is no finite verb in A - It is a phrase.

There is a finite verb in B - It is a clause.


2. On seeing the elephant, the child was happy

A B

Phrase - on seeing the elephant

Clause - the child was happy

Note: ‘seeing’ is not a finite verb. It is non finite.

Read the following sentences and tabulate the phrases and clauses. The first one is done for you.

1. On account of Pongal, tomorrow will be a holiday.

2. I saw the sunrise, walking along the road.

3. The match was cancelled, owing to rain.

4. In the event of a good monsoon, we will get better yield.

5. She fell ill due to overwork.

6. In case of war, there will be a shortage of oil.

Phrase                                                                  Clause

1 On account of Pongal                                       1 tomorrow will be a holiday

2                                                                             2

3                                                                             3

4                                                                             4

5                                                                             5


6                                                                             6

Grammar-Types of sentences and adverbials of time’

Grammar

Read the following sentences 

1. A frog lived in a well.
2. How big is the sea?
3. Turn him out.
4. What nonsense you speak!

Sentence 1 is a declarative sentence. It is usually used to give information.

Sentence 2 is an interrogative sentence. It is usually used to ask for information.

Sentence 3 is an imperative sentence. It is usually used to get things done.

Sentence 4 is an exclamatory sentence. It is usually used to express strong feelings.

Note:

1. An interrogative sentence is followed by a question mark (?)

2.An exclamatory sentence is followed by an exclamation mark(!)

3. The subject is implied in an imperative sentence.



Grammar

I. Read the following sentences

1. I attended the marriage last month.
2. We shall go on a trip in the morning.
3. The President will meet the press at 10:00 am.

‘Last month’, ‘in the morning’, rat 10.00 am’ are adverbials of time.

1. Read the following sentences and underline the ‘adverbials of time’. The first answer is done for  you.

1. Hassan left home at dawn.
2. Sekar met his friend two days ago.
3. The doctor arrives this morning.
4. Wake me up at five o’ clock.
5. Priya attends the special class in the evening.
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Grammar-Active voice,Passive voice

Grammar

I. Read the following sentences.  They can be stated in another way also.

Active                                                                          Passive

Beethoven showed  interest in music.          Interest in music was showed by Beethoven

His talent in music  impressed Mozart        Mozart was impressed by his talent in music


Language Notes:

(1) Passive voice construction uses be + the past participle form.
(2) It is often followed by ‘by + the person or thing’ doing the action.
(3) It focusses on the receiver of the action. The subject receives the action.

Task 1: Write ‘active’ if the sentence is active or ‘passive’ if the sentence is passive. Underline the performer of the action.

Example: Active Millions of people watch TV every night.

1 ........... People enjoy music.
2 ........... Music instruments are played by artistes.
3 ........... I shall learn violin during the summer vacation.
4 ........... We appreciated his singing.
5 ........... Computer course is introduced from next year.


Task 2 : Read the instructions of the nursing tutor to the nursing trainees and tell the class how an injection is given, using passive voice constructions.

1. Ask the patient to lie on the bed.
2. Take the syringe from the kit.
3. Fix the needle to the syringe.
4. Cut open the neck of the vial.
5. Take the medicine from the vial.
6. Inject the patient.

Task 3: Use the following words or clues to write statements in passive voice.

Example: (The patient / examine / the doctor)
                  The patient is examined by the doctor.

1. The lesson / review / Priscilla
2. Radio / invent / Marconi
3. America / discover / Columbus
4. The Kargil war / win / India
5. English / teach / from Std. I on wards in Tamil Nadu
6. The one day cricket match / win / India
7. Rain water harvesting scheme / launch / the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

Grammer-When we use articles

Articles

Look at the following words. We use ‘a’, an indefinite article before nouns beginning with a consonant sound.

a European             a Japanese            a Martian
a hangar                  a nest                    a feather
a one o’ clock          a chef                    a car

Look at the following words. Though they begin with a vowel letter, all the three begin with a consonant sound.

a university                              a European                     a one-way street

We use ‘an’, another indefinite article, before nouns beginning with a vowel sound.

an Indian           an Airplane                  an M.Sc.,            an hour ago


The form ‘an’ is used before nouns beginning with a mute ‘h’:

e.g. an honest man          an hour


The form ‘an’ is used before individual letters spoken with a vowel sound.

e.g. an M L A         an MP         an L-board         an ‘X’


Note: It is not the letter but the sound (vowel or consonant) that decides whether a word takes the article ‘a’ or ‘an’.


In the following cases, a/an must be omitted
(i) Before plural nouns
e.g. dogs, books, eggs

(ii) Before uncountable nouns
e.g. oil, hay, breakfast, water, jam

Task 1 : Fill in the blanks with indefinite articles ‘a’ or ‘an’. Mark ‘X’ where there isn’t any article.
1. …… empty vessel makes ……. lot of noise.

2. ……. idle mind is …… devil’s workshop.

3. …… apple ……day keeps the doctor away.

4. Make …. hay while the sun shines.

5. …… birds of …. feather flock together.

6. …… stitch in time saves nine.

7. …… little learning is …. dang’rous thing.

8. Hope is …… good breakfast but …. bad supper.

9. Don’t pour ….. oil on troubled waters.

10. …… beggars can’t be …. choosers.


Task 2: Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’.
…….. union of animals
When I stood under ………. eucalyptus tree, I saw – ……. amazing ant, ………. busy bee,
……. crazy cat, …….. one – horned deer, ……. envious elephant, ……… funny fox, ……. gentle giraffe, ……… honest hare, ……. idle insect, ……….. joyous jackal, ……. unique kangaroo, ……. angry lion, ……. interesting monkey, …….. naughty nightingale, ……. one-eyed owl, ……… proud peacock, ……. elegant quail, ……… red rabbit, ……. anxious sparrow, …….. tame tiger, ……. uniformed unicorn, ……. ambitious viper, ……. handsome whale, ……… ‘X’, ……. young yak and …….. checked zebra driving…… ‘L’ board car. Then they stopped at the airport and stood for ……… hour to buy ……… one-way ticket to go to ………… university in Siberia.

ADVERBS-how do identify the adverb?

ADVERBS


 An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.+

  To +modify+ a word is to change or affect its meaning in some way.

  Thus in “The river fell _rapidly_,” the adverb _rapidly_ modifies   the verb _fell_ by showing _how_ the falling took place. In “I am   _never_ late,” “This is _absolutely_ true,” “That is _too_ bad,”   the italicized words are adverbs modifying adjectives; in “He came   _very_ often,” “He spoke _almost_ hopefully,” “The river fell _too_   rapidly,” they are adverbs modifying other adverbs.


Most adverbs answer the question “How?” “When?” “Where?” or “To what degree or extent?”


 Observe that adverbs modify verbs in much the same way in which adjectives modify nouns.



  ADJECTIVES                                                 ADVERBS

  A _bright_ fire burned.                            The fire burned _brightly_.
  A _fierce_ wind blew.                             The wind blew _fiercely_.


+A word or group of words that changes or modifies the meaning of another word is called a modifier.+

Adjectives and adverbs, then, are both +modifiers+. Adjectives modify substantives; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

adverbs and adjectives

An adverb limits the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Examples: drives carefully suddenly stopped extremely important rather quickly

Most modifiers with an –ly ending are used as adverbs. In fact, many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to adjectives.

Adjectives perfect clear quiet abrupt

Adverbs perfectly clearly quietly abruptly

However, some modifiers ending in –ly may be used as adjectives.


Examples: a daily lesson an early breakfast a lively discussion

A few modifiers have the same form whether used as adjectives or as adverbs.

        Adjectives                                                                  Adverbs

         a hard job                                                                works hard
         a late start                                                               started late
         an early arrival                                                          arriving early
         a fast walk                                                                to walk fast

adverbial clause of purpose.

‘because’ and ‘because of’

e.g. 4. The plane did not take off at the scheduled time because of bad weather.

In e.g. 1, ‘because’ is a conjuction used along with a subject and verb. It forms a subordinate clause that is, an adverbial clause of
reason.

But in e.g. 4, ‘because of bad weather’ is only a phrase.

B. ‘So as to-infinitive’ and ‘so that’ are used to show the expected result of the action mentioned earlier in the sentence.

I always make notes so as to refer to it later.

The italicised part is a phrase.

The same sentence can also be written as - I always make notes so that I can refer to it later.

The italicised part is a subordinate clause, that is an adverbial clause of purpose.

‘In order’, to - /(infinitive)’ and ‘ in order that’ are used to state the purpose of the first action mentioned.